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B-DNA The B-DNA is a right-handed helix and is the most common DNA conformation. Nucleotides are the individual monomers of a nucleic acid. Nucleic acids are present in all living beings of the Earth. Nucleic acids are formed mainly with the elements carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. What is the biological function of amino acids? The major function of nucleic acids is to store the genetic code of living organisms. The Function of DNA & RNA. Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. Thymine forms two hydrogen bonds with adenine, and guanine forms three hydrogen bonds with cytosine. Nucleic acids, macromolecules made out of units called nucleotides, come in two naturally occurring varieties: deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ). Nucleic acids are molecules that store and transmit hereditary information and energy in living things. We also learn the importance of XeF6 molecular geometry and bond angles importance and much more about the topic in detail. In fact there are 28 possible base pairs that form two hydrogen bond between them. The lower the twist angle, the higher the number of base pairs per turn. Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids 1. The DNA molecule is composed of units called nucleotides, which comprise three distinct components, such as phosphate groups, nitrogen bases, and sugar. However, DNA and RNA are not the only nucleic acids. In human milk, LF is a major DNase featuring Schaller, H., Gray, C., Herrmann, K. (1975) Proc. Creative Commons Attribution License. Once an mRNA has been produced, it will associate with a ribosome, a molecular machine that specializes in assembling proteins out of amino acids. And if this is true, are these parts (AT only parts) more prone to mutations? The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose while in RNA it is ribose. The biological function of DNA is quite simple, to carry and protect the genetic code. The structure contains a single DNA strand (5'-AGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGG-3') which contains four TTAGGG repeats. There are two types of nucleic acid: RNA and DNA. Yes, miRNA regulates protein synthesis in a way it binds to mRNA transcript and 'silence' it. The phosphate group connects successive sugar residues by bridging the 5-hydroxyl group on one sugar to the 3-hydroxyl group of the next sugar in the chain. 2008 3DNA Nature Protocols paper (NP08), the initial 3DNA Nucleic Acids Research paper . However, over 50% of the human genome consists of widely dispersed repetitive sequences. From Chargaffs rules, the two strands will pair A with T and G with C. This pairs a keto base with an amino base, a purine with a pyrimidine. Retrieved 16:19, July 26, 2019, from en.Wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histone&oldid=907472227, Wikipedia contributors. These molecules all have unique functions that make them essential for life. Small molecules like urea, as we saw with proteins, can also denature DNA into single strands. 5. For example, the HIV Rev peptide binds to a target site in the envelop gene of HIV (which has an RNA genome) and leads to the formation of an RNA loop with hydrogen bonding between two purines. The phosphate group is attached to the 5' carbon. The triplet base pair are antiparallel to each other. mRNA is like a recipe from a cookbook; a list of ingredients to make a protein. The protein shown is actually a dimer held together by a short coiled-coil interaction domain so the site has 2-fold symmetry. John Wiley & Sons, London, New York, Sydney, Toronto, 1974. Direct link to Alex Auvenshine's post Are the functions of nucl, Posted 7 years ago. Only two nucleic acids are believed to exist in nature: DNA and RNA, or ribonucleic acid. Wobble base pair interactions are especially important in the process of translation when a protein sequence is made from a messenger RNA template (which will discuss in Unit III). Composed of fats and oils, lipids are molecules that yield high energy and have a chemical composition mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. In contrast, our understanding of the structural parameters and the dynamics of nucleic acids is less advanced. (eds.) A nucleotide in an RNA chain will contain ribose (the five-carbon sugar), one of the four nitrogenous bases (A, U, G, or C), and a phosphate group. The hydrogen still remains, but the OH . mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, miRNA, and siRNA. There are five types of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T) and uracil (U). Would it be possible for there to be nitrogenous bases with more than two fused carbon rings? The answer is a definite no. A single protein domain that binds adenosine can be used in a wide variety of enzymes. It is not surprising, given the enormity of the functions of DNA in the human body and its responsibility for the growth and maintenance of life that the discovery of DNA has led to so many developments in the treatment of various types of diseases. Lab. Crick, Wilkins, and Watson each received one third of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their contributions to the discovery. The resulting double-stranded DNA transcript is integrated into the host genome in many cases and subsequently serves as a template for gene expression from which to transcribe new viral RNA genomes. The parallels between the genetic code and binary code have even led some scientists to propose the creation of genetic computers, which might be able to store information much more efficiently than silicon-based hard drives. Acids Res. In vitro, the Z-form of DNA is adopted in short sequences that alternate pyrimidine and purines and when high salinity is present. The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).DNA is the genetic material found in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. (Franklin, whose breakthrough X-ray diffraction data was used to formulate the DNA structure, died in 1958, and thus was ineligible to be nominated for a Nobel Prize.). (a) Base pair orientation with x, y, and z axes result in different kinds of rotation (tilt, roll or twist) or slipping of the bases (slide, flip) regarding to the helix central axis. Aluminium silicate zeolites are microporous three-dimensional crystalline solids. Nat Commun 9, 1473 (2018). DNA and RNA are both important information-carrying molecules, although their . Nucleotides are synthesized from readily available precursors in the cell. Some enzymes can only interact with molecules that have the correct handedness for their active sites. Other genomic elements code for the expression and processing of RNA transcripts. The excess stability of dsDNA enriched in GC base pairs can still be explained by the extra stabilization for an additional hydrogen bond per GC base pair. A creationist would say that this is part of the intelligent design. The term wobble arise from the subtile conformational changes use to optimize the pairing of the triplets. The four major classes of biological macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. As with proteins, the three-dimensional structure of an RNA molecule specifies a unique function in cells, including the degradation of enzymes. DNA and RNA structure and function. Note that this is just a few of the rol. The . Are all the 46 chromosomes present in a single cell? When combined with a reaction with a positive change in free energy, ATP hydrolysis shifts the overall process balance to favor product formation. The figures above show that GC base pairs have 3 interbase hydrogen bonds compared to 2 in AT base pairs. Guanine (Purines) 3. In just the same way, living organisms need intact copies of their DNA source code to function. There are five types of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T) and uracil (U). Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, encodes the information cells need to make proteins. In addition to the major and minor grooves providing variation within the double helix structure, the axis alignment of the helix along with other influencing factors such as the degree of solvation, can give rise to three forms of the double helix, the A-form (A-DNA), the B-form (B-DNA), and the Z-form (Z-DNA) as shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{14}\). DNA must be stabile enough to be the carrier of genetic information but dynamic enough to allow events that required partial unfolding. Hydrolysis of Pi-Pi 2Pi has a G = -7 kcal/mol (-29 kJ/mol) and is essential to provide the overall negative G (-6.5 kcal/mol, 27 kJ/mol) of the DNA synthesis reaction. This information is stored in multiple sets of three nucleotides, known as codons. The word nucleic acid is used collectively for DNA and RNA. Protein and nucleic acid enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions in both . A nucleotide having inosine is named hypoxanthine. 1. Coordination Chemistry Reviews 327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.06.002 Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303846502_Metal_ion_induced_heterogeneity_in_RNA_folding_studied_by_smFRET, Hardison, R. (2019) B-Form, A-Form, and Z-Form of DNA. The 3 bases on the mRNA are called the codon, and the 3 complementary bases on the tRNA are called the anticodon. The processes of DNA replication and repair will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 28. DNA and RNA are both found in all living cells. Adenine (Purines) 2. The stacking energy has been shown to be similar for an AT - AT stack and a GC-GC stack (about -9.8 kcal/mol, 41 kJ/mol). Human genome. Lewin, B., Gene Expression. Hypoxanthine can from the wobble base pairs I-U, I-A and I-C when incorporated into RNA, as illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{22}\). Marginal stability is important as protein conformation often must be perturbed on binding and ensuing function. DNA functions are vital to inheritance, protein coding, and life's genetic blueprint. Would it be possible for DNA and RNA to use other sugars aside from Deoxyribose and Ribose? Figure \(\PageIndex{23}\): The wobble uridine (U34) of tRNA molecules that recognize both AAand AG-ending codons for Lys, Gln, and Glu, is modified by the addition of both a thiol (s2) and a methoxy-carbonyl-methyl (mcm5). A first glance at a DNA or RNA structure reveals a myriad of possible hydrogen bond donors and acceptors in the bases of the nucleic acid. Triple helix formation can also occur within a single strand of DNA. A codon matches with three nucleotides, called an anticodon, on a single tRNA molecule while in a ribosome. They are structurally unrelated and the presence of adenosine is the only common factor. Direct link to StephYakir87's post The first part is true, T, Posted 7 years ago. In none of these cofactors does the adenosine portion participate directly in the primary function, but the removal of adenosine generally results in a drastic reduction of cofactor activities. Molecular Genetics (Biology): An Overview, Scitable by Nature Education: Nucleic Acid Structure and Function, Dallas County Community College District: Nucleic Acid. Nomura, M., Tissires, A., Lengyel, P. The nitrogenous bases of nucleotides are organic (carbon-based) molecules made up of nitrogen-containing ring structures. Lipids perform three primary biological functions within the body: they serve as structural components of cell membranes, function as energy storehouses, and function as important signaling molecules. This may seem paradoxical, especially given the apparently simplicity of the iconic structure of DNA presented in textbooks. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10. We will consider four different types of noncanonical base pairing: reverse Watson Crick, wobble, Hoogsteen and reverse Hoogsteen base pairs. A biological polymer made of amino acid monomers is a answer choices protein lipid carbohydrate nucleic acid Question 3 30 seconds Q. (c) Mono- or bis-intercalation of a small molecule (shown in blue) between adjacent base pairs resulting in an unwinding of the DNA helix (orange arrow on the top) and a lengthening of the DNA helix (Length) depending on the X and y values that are specific for a defined DNA intercalating compound. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. [5] Purines: Purines are two carbon-nitrogen rings. RNA is single stranded but may adopt many secondary and tertiary conformations not unlike that of a protein. Uracil (Pyrimidines) Importance of Nucleotides References What Is A Nucleotide? An extended chain connects the DNA binding and interaction domains of each protein. Omissions? The phosphate group that makes up part of the nucleotide monomer is always attached to the 5 position of the deoxyribose sugar residue. Once ATP became the universal source of chemical energy, systems developed to synthesize ATP in greater abundance than the other nucleotides; because it is abundant, it becomes the logical choice for incorporation into a wide variety of structures. Nucleotides and polynucleotides. Quadruplex can be forme in 1 strand of a nucleic acid (as in the above model) or from 2 or 4 separate strands. The A-form helix arises when conditions of dehydration below 75% of normal occur and have mainly been observed in vitro during X-ray crystallography experiments when the DNA helix has become desiccated. 1, 595614. The 2018 issue has a list of about 180 such databases and updates to previously described databases. (Copyright; author via source). You would be in general correct in this belief, but you'd be missing the more important contributor to ds-DNA stability, base () stacking and the noncovalent interactions associated with the stacking. tRNA takes amino acids to rRNA, where the protein is formed. Published by LibreTexts. Google Scholar. Retrieved 17:17, July 26, 2019, from en.Wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleosome&oldid=906654745, Wikipedia contributors. If a segment is longer than others, a G might be in a loop. In fact, there is a linear relationship between GC content and TM. Adenine and guanine are. The twist angles A, B and Z DNA are +33o, +36 o, and -30o, respectively. (2019, July 19). molecules are called mono-, di-, and triphosphate nucleoside. The hydrogen-bonded interstrand base pairs are shown alternatively in spacefill and sticks to illustrate how the bases stack on top of each other. In the next section, we will study the functions of RNA, which are much more numerous and complicated. Biologydictionary.net Editors. Chapter in: R. Hardisons Working with Molecular Genetics. Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If there are only four base pairs of RNA and DNA, then why do we list five? Nucleic Acids term can be defined as specific large molecules in the cell. This processing is associated with strand extension and disruption of base pair at every third base. Two such GT pairs are found in the structure. Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses. For instance, some genes specify, DNA and RNA are polymers (in the case of DNA, often very long polymers), and are made up of monomers known as. We also discussed the thermodynamics of protein stability, and how stability could be altered by changing environmental factors such as solution composition and temperature. Later experiments revealed that another type of nucleic acid RNA, or ribonucleic acid acted as a messenger that could carry copies of the instructions found in DNA. Every living thing on Earth uses nucleic acids as a source or location for storing information of source code or hereditary information. It is also used for the identification of criminals. Chamberlin, M.J., Losick, R. There are an extraordinary number of arginines which form ion-ion interactions with the negatively charged phosphates in the major grove of this double-stranded A-RNA. DNA is the genetic material found in living organisms, all the way from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals like you and me. In that process the homologous DNA strand but exchange with a paired homolog. Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA. DNA in vivo consist of two antiparallel strands intertwined to form the iconic DNA double-stranded helix. For many years, scientists wondered how living things knew how to produce all the complex materials they need to grow and survive, and how they passed their traits down to their offspring. Part of Springer Nature. Two Hbonds can form between A and T, and three can form between G and C. This third H-bond in the G:C base pair is between the additional exocyclic amino group on G and the C2 keto group on C. The pyrimidine C2 keto group is not involved in hydrogen bonding in the A:T base pair. The structure of RNA has evolved to serve those added functions. Brner, R., Kowerko, D., Miserachs, H.G., Shaffer, M., and Sigel, R.K.O. When one or more phosphate groups are attached to a nucleoside at the 5 position of the sugar residue, it is called a nucleotide. A and G are categorized as purines, and C, T, and U are collectively called pyrimidines. Various types of enzyme cofactors that serve a wide range of chemical functions comprise of adenosine as part of their structure. Let us start the article by defining nucleic acids. DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as the reserve of genetic information. In DNA, these types of noncanonical base pairs can occur when bases become mismatched in double-stranded regions. Recombination also must allow chain extension as it maintains base-pairing fidelity. Direct link to Raian Ailanazar's post What is the role of U(ura, Posted 3 years ago. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03516-1Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Note: The above text is excerpted from the Wikipedia article . These quadruplexes certainly serve as recognition and binding site for telomerase proteins. Omics Discovery Index can be used to browse and search several biological databases. Chemical Reactions - Description, Concepts, Types, Examples and FAQs, Annealing - Explanation, Types, Simulation and FAQs, Classification of Drugs Based on Pharmacological Effect, Drug Action, Uses of Rayon - Meaning, Properties, Sources, and FAQs, Reverberatory Furnace - History, Construction, Operation, Advantages and Disadvantages, 118 Elements and Their Symbols and Atomic Numbers, Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Number above 100, Find Best Teacher for Online Tuition on Vedantu. Since then numerous biochemical and structural analyses have established that nucleic acid sequences, both DNA and RNA, containing runs of guanines (G-tracts) separated by other bases spontaneously fold into G-quadruplex structures in vitro. These molecules are composed of long strands of nucleotides. (ii) DNA also transfer genetic information from one generation to other. There are also examples of reverse Hoogsteen base pairing, as shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{26}\). Kevin Beck holds a bachelor's degree in physics with minors in math and chemistry from the University of Vermont. The resulting structure is called H-DNA. The hydrogen bond interaction energy is hence more favorable in the stack. If not, why? Eachnucleotideconsists of a nitrogen-containing aromatic base attached to a pentose (five-carbon)sugar, which is in turn attached to aphosphategroup. Acids Res. Nucleoprotein is a conjugated protein structure consisting of a protein that is linked to a nucleic acid, either DNA abbreviated as . RNA virus have pseudoknots which likewise affects protein synthesis as well as RNA replication. The different kinds of nucleic acids collectively work together to create, encode, and store genetic information and make proteins based on that information. Though some RNA viruses never transcribe their information into a DNA molecule, many animal RNA viruses specifically, the retroviruses (for example, the HIV virus)are transcribed by an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, the so-called reverse transcriptase, to produce a dual-stranded DNA copy of their RNA genome. Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids The biological functions of nucleic acids play a major role in determining the characteristics of humans. Nucleosides, when phosphorylated by kinases, form nucleotides, which in turn, serve as the monomeric unit of nucleic acids. Nucleic acid is a natural chemical compound that can be broken down to produce phosphoric acid, sugars and a combination of organic bases (nucleotide, purines, and pyrimidines). The further hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate (Pi-Pi) releases a large amount of energy ensuring that the overall reaction has a negative G. Another major function of nucleic acids is protein synthesis, where RNA functions as an adapter molecule. DNA structures gets obviously more complicated as it packs into the nucleus of a cell and forms chromosomes, as shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{32}\). Carbohydrates are commonly used by cells as respiratory substrates. Our goal is to make science relevant and fun for everyone. Here, we'll take a look at four major types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and regulatory RNAs. Because nucleic acids can form huge polymers which can take on many shapes, there are several ways to discuss the structure of nucleic acid. Sugimoto, K., Sugisaki, H., Okamoto, T., Takanami, M. (1975) Nucl. Vedantu LIVE Online Master Classes is an incredibly personalized tutoring platform for you, while you are staying at your home. 10.1093/nar/gkz237. The prior model was triple-stranded DNA. In the case of ketoacyl-CoA transferase, the nucleotide moiety of coenzyme A appears to be a binding handle that helps to pull the substrate (acetoacetyl-CoA) into the active site. Nucleic acids are responsible for the transmission of inherent characters from parent to offspring. The two codes are very different in their specifics, but the principle is the same. The associated sequence composition is complex, representing many elaborations during evolution of form and function. A general overview of Lewis Structure, XeF4 Molecular Geometry and bond Angles meaning, valuable XeF4 Molecular Geometry and bond angle questions. W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York, 1976. We have grown leaps and bounds to be the best Online Tuition Website in India with immensely talented Vedantu Master Teachers, from the most reputed institutions. An evolutionist would say it's all down to chance. Are the functions of nucleic acids guided only by molecular forces and just appear to have intention or are there other forces at work that I'm not aware of? ADS A mirror repeat contains a center of symmetry on a single strand. What is a phosphate group? You might thus think of DNA as a computer hard drive or set of files, and RNA as a flash drive or jump drive. This provides indirect evidence for evolution. We will study packing of DNA in other sections. Nucleosome. Zain, B.S., Weissman, S.M., Dhar, R., Pan, J. Ribosomes. Note that when looking from the top view, down on a DNA base pair, that the position where the base pairs attach to the DNA backbone is not equidistant, but that attachment favors one side over the other. DNA contain four bases, cytosine and thymine (pyrimidine bases) and guanine and adenine (purine bases). Nitrogenous Bases Nitrogenous bases are planar, heterocyclic, and water-soluble molecules. These nitrogenous bases bond to each other in specific combinations to form the "rungs" of the DNA ladder in its unwound form. The primary purines are adenine and guanine in both RNA and DNA. Click the image for a popup or use this external link: https://structure.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/iy5joFHDgWJQsQ6, Rotate the model to see 3 parallel layers of quadruplexes. This means that the two strands of a DNA double helix have a very predictable relationship to each other. Lets look at each part of a nucleotide in turn. Dickson, R.C., Abelson, J., Barnes, W.M., Reznikoff, W.S. #structure of nucleic acids dna and rna, #structure of dna and rna, #what are nucleotides, #what is rna, #structure of dna and rna molecules, #nitrogenous ba. A more detailed description of polymerase reaction mechanisms will be covered in Chapters X and Y, covering DNA Replication and Repair, and DNA Transcription. National Institutes of Health. There are majorly three types of DNA. The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ). Here is an example: 5'-GCATGGTACG-3'. During processes that unravel DNA (replication, transcription, repair), self-association of individual mirror repeats can form a locally stable triple helix, as shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{31}\). The glycosidic bond between the N in the base and the sugar (the circled R group) are now in an "antiparallel" arrangement in the reverse base pair. Direct link to Arki's post https://www.khanacademy.o, Posted 7 years ago. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Although RNA is typically single cell stranded, there is considerable diversity in viruses. Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). These can be formed in DNA and RNA from G-rich sequences involving tetrads of guanine bases that are hydrogen bonded. This seems possible, but there is no firm evidence to say whether it is true. Genetic engineering changes organisms traits by adding, removing, or rewriting parts of their DNA and subsequently changing what parts the cells produce. Solution 1 Two main functions of nucleic acids are: (i) DNA is responsible for the transmission of inherent characters from one generation to the next. (2017, September 07). Both sequence specificity and interaction (whether covalent or not) with a small compound or a protein can induce tilt, roll and twist effects that rotate the base pairs in the x, y, or z axis, respectively as seen in Figure \(\PageIndex{15}\), and can therefore change the helixs overall organization. http://x3dna.org/highlights/schematiair-parameters (with permission). Google Scholar. Nucleotside triphosphates, especially ATP, as the universal currency of energy in biological systems. Instead the molecule folds on itself in 3D space to form complex tertiary structure containing regions of helical secondary structure. These molecules are fairly complex, consisting of a nitrogenous base plus a sugar-phosphate backbone. There are four basic types of nucleotide, adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In this article, we will learn about the XeF6 Molecular Geometry And Bond Angles in detail. We'll explore the effects of the pentose ring geometry in RNA and DNA in chapter section 8.3. They are present in all organisms from small viruses and bacteria to large and complex animals like humans and whales. The two nucleotide monomers are then fully linked with a covalent bond through that oxygen molecule, turning them into a single molecule. RNA has the same nitrogen bases called the Guanine, adenine, Cytosine as that of the DNA besides for the uracil that replaced the Thymine. Will the molecular structure of DNA become like RNA? What is a nitrogenous base? Direct link to Jon Hill's post A creationist would say t, Posted 6 years ago. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. In Nucleic Acid, the Nucleic term was given because they were isolated and found in the nucleus, and the Acid term was given due to its acidic properties. Note that the central blue, black and red sequences are all mirror image repeats (around a central nucleotide). Nucleic acids are small biological molecules that are essential to all known forms of life. This dynamic extension may be required for transitions of B-DNA to Z-DNA, for example. Thus, when each strand of the double-stranded parental DNA molecule separates during replication from its complement, each serves as a template for synthesizing a new complementary strand. As in the example above, single stranded sections can form intramolecular G-quadrplex from a GmXnGmXoGmXpGm sequence, where m is he number of Gs in each short setment (3 in the structure above). CrossRef This creates unequal gaps or spaces in the DNA known as the major groove for the larger gap, and the minor groove for the smaller gap (Figure 4.5). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. The backbones of the antiparallel strands are magenta (chain A) and cyan (chain B). (This is referred to as. Figure \(\PageIndex{26}\): The reverse Hoogsteen AT base pair. This article covers the chemistry of nucleic acids, describing the structures and properties that allow them to serve as the transmitters of genetic information.

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