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The fire caused steel structural elements, already weakened from the plane's impact, to fail. [258] Several years after the attacks, works such as "The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson" were placed back in syndication. Collection 9/11 Memorial Museum, Gift of Elizabeth Giannini in memory of William Borland. Architecture Big", "How To Remember Minoru Yamasaki's Twin Towers", "Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced", "World's tallest building opens in Dubai", "From Zen Garden to Piazza, A Plaza Gets a New Look", "Onstage at the Twin Towers Announces Summer 2001 Schedule -- Four Months of Free Music, Dance, Theatre Performances Begin June 8", "September 11th: ART LOSS, DAMAGE, AND REPERCUSSIONS Proceedings of an IFAR Symposium on February 28, 2002", "9/11-related cancer and other diseases are surging", "At New Trade Center, Seeking Lively (but Secure) Streets", "Girding Against Return of the Windy City in Manhattan", "Workers Try to Find Solidarity After a Loss", "World Trade Center Plaza Reopens with Summer-long Performing Arts Festival", "Currents: Renovations; What Happened When the World Trade Center Lost Its Marbles", "Metal Detectors, Common at Other City Landmarks, Are Not Used", "TRAVEL ADVISORY;World Trade Center Restaurant to Reopen", "RESTAURANTS; In a Cozy Cabin Amid the Shooting Stars", "Windows on the World Workers Say Their Boss Didn't Do Enough", "Restaurants; Food That's Nearly Worthy of the View", "Everything You Need to Know About Dining at One World Trade", "Hotel In The Trade Center Greets Its First 100 Guests", World Trade Center Building Performance Study 2002, Gold, Recovery of The Towers' buried treasure, "TRADE CENTER TO GET FIRE SPRINKLERS AT $45 MILLION COST", "Sheik Sentenced to Life in Prison in Bombing Plot", "In Sentencing Bombers, Judge Takes Hard Line", "Prosecutor: Yousef aimed to topple Trade Center towers", "Escape from New York The Use of Photoluminescent Pathway-marking Systems in High-Rise", "Their Monument Now Destroyed, 1993 Victims Are Remembered", "Remembering the victims of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing", "New York's World Trade Center Struggles to Fill Office Space", "As Trade Center Talks Stumble, No. "New Jersey Cops Become Links on a Human Chain." [251], Other episodes and films mentioned the attacks directly or depicted the World Trade Center in alternate contexts. ET). One World Trade Center (WTC 1, or the North Tower) was hit at 8:46 a.m. Eastern time and collapsed at 10:28 a.m. One such report came from two members of the Passaic County Sheriff's Department who pulled a trapped Port Authority police officer from a crater a day after the disaster. Rita Kempley of The Washington Post said "if we erase the towers from our art, we erase it [sic] from our memories". [178], In January 1998, Mafia member Ralph Guarino gained maintenance access to the World Trade Center. This increased the amount of usable space on each floor from 62 to 75 percent by reducing the number of elevator shafts. [130] The exterior columns were narrowed to allow 28inches of window width between them. His right foot was fractured and he had suffered a few scrapes and bruises, but was otherwise unharmed. Only one tenant so far, the agent says, has turned down a 13thfloor apartment on superstitious grounds. They had two choices: the east side of Lower Manhattan, near the South Street Seaport; or the west side, near the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (H&M) station, Hudson Terminal. [75] The 1,200,000 cubic yards (920,000m3) of excavated material were used (along with other fill and dredge material) to expand the Manhattan shoreline across West Street to form Battery Park City. [6], The core complex was built between 1966 and 1975, at a cost of $400million (equivalent to $3.56billion in 2022[7]). World Trade Center from the construction site in New York City on Oct. 20, 1970. The attack that occurred on September 11, 2001, was much more destructive. The top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to the core columns on the interior side. [15] It had a major role in popular culture, and according to one estimate was depicted in 472 films. The latter began after Al-Qaeda-affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets into the Twin Towers, respectively. Contribute today to help build a place for remembrance, reflection, and learning for years to come. [24] A new World Trade Center complex is being built with six new skyscrapers and several other buildings, many of which are complete. [164], On February 13, 1975, a three-alarm fire broke out on the North Tower's 11th floor. [79] Construction of the North Tower at One World Trade Center began in 1966 with the South Tower at Two World Trade Center. [97], Some critics regarded the trade center's "superblock", replacing a more traditional, dense neighborhood, as an inhospitable environment that disrupted the complicated traffic network typical of Manhattan. [23] Falling debris from the towers, combined with fires that the debris initiated in several surrounding buildings, led to the partial or complete collapse of all the WTC complex's buildings including 7 World Trade Center, and caused catastrophic damage to 10 other large structures in the surrounding area. [57] The perimeter structure containing 59 columns per side was constructed with extensive use of prefabricated modular pieces, each consisting of three columns, three stories tall, connected by spandrel plates. The World Trade Center experienced several major crime and terrorist incidents, including a fire on February 13, 1975;[18] a bombing on February 26, 1993;[19] and a bank robbery on January 14, 1998,[20] as well as the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. The used radios, war surplus electronics (e.g., AN/ARC-5 radios), junk, and parts were often piled so high they would spill out onto the street, attracting collectors and scroungers. [88] The case made its way through the court system to the United States Supreme Court; it refused to hear the case. On one hand, places like the Plaza and the Waldorf Astoria have 13th floors and their managers maintain that very few guests ever mention it. He was pulled from the wreckage on 11 September about five hours after the collapse of the World Trade Center towers, making him one of the last people to be rescued alive. Calvo, Dana and Paul Lieberman. No, the father replied, from the elevator., But he has one problem. [210][211][212] Ten years after the attacks, the remains of only 1,629 victims had been identified. [Minneapolis] Star Tribune. [22] The attacks in New York City killed 2,606 people in and within the vicinity of the towers, as well as all 157 on board the two aircraft. The names of the victims of the 1993 bombing are included in the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. [42] In subsequent years, the payments would rise as the real estate tax rate increased. What's False Possibly by using a piece of debris as a. In 2001, the World Trade Center housed more than 430 businesses from 28 different countries. [186], On February 15, 2001, the Port Authority announced that Vornado Realty Trust had won the World Trade Center lease, paying $3.25billion for the 99-year lease. The original World Trade Center was a 16-acre complex that housed seven buildings and the five-acre Austin J. Tobin Plaza. [98] The World Trade Center was so large that it had its own zip code: 10048. On average, the South Tower Observation Deck attracted 1.8 million visitors per year. Note for screen reader users: once expanded, the first four [85][86], Plans to build the World Trade Center were controversial. They come in various forms and sizes, collected from the wreckage of the World Trade Center buildings in the months following the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001 . 15 September 2003. Even among this handful who lived, folks standing immediately to the right or left of them at that critical moment died, leaving many of the survivors haunted with unanswerable questions of "Why me?". [108], When completed in 1973, the South Tower became the second tallest building in the world at 1,362 feet (415m). [139], Windows on the World, the restaurant on the North Tower's 106th and 107th floors,[142] opened in April 1976. [177] It was later destroyed following the September 11 attacks. [61][57] The perimeter columns were spaced closely together to form a strong, rigid wall structure, supporting virtually all lateral loads such as wind loads, and sharing the gravity load with the core columns. The rescued officer goes unnamed even at this late date, leading us to believe he's a conflation of rumor with hope or just a garden variety misremembering of things read and heard with things experienced. Even before they became iconic features of the New York City skyline,. The site had other sculptures such as Ideogram, Cloud Fortress, and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing memorial fountain. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. [85][230][231] The Port Authority had demolished several streets to make way for the towers within the World Trade Center. The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended beginning in 1797 and was discovered during excavation work in 1916. In 1939, when Europe was on the brink of another world war, a group of business and trade associations created the first World Trade Center dedicated to promoting world peace through world trade. The Twin Towers were also used in Philippe Petit's tightrope-walking performance on August 7, 1974. [71], World Trade Center lobby interior with large arched windows, Exterior entrance arches with Ideogram sculpture, Austin J. Tobin plaza with The Sphere sculpture in the center of plaza and South and North towers and WTC complex surrounding it, Exterior view with Cloud Fortress sculpture in front, In March 1965, the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site. The National September 11 Museum has preserved many of the works that feature depictions of the original World Trade Center. The Vista International Hotel was badly damaged in the February 26, 1993terrorist bombing, necessitating major repairs. The Twin Towers under construction, circa1970. [180], On February 20, 1981, an Aerolneas Argentinas airliner was guided away by air traffic controllers after radar signals indicated it was on a collision course with the North Tower (1 WTC). Genelle Guzman-McMillan, another survivor who was with Buzzelli when the tower collapsed, claimed to have been on the 13th floor. Leo Durocher, the manager, drew room 1313. The construction of below-ground utility relocations, footings, and foundations for the new building began on April 27, 2006. Nonetheless, the World Trade Center's structural engineers ended up following draft versions of New York City's new 1968 building codes. Also, Dr. Kenneth Tesla, a surgeon who had treated two Port Authority workers, was quoted as saying both of these men had survived falls from the 86th floor. Filkins, Dexter. [115], Although most of the space in the World Trade Center complex was off-limits to the public, the South Tower featured a public glass-enclosed observation deck on the 107th floor called Top of the World and an open-air deck with the height of 110 stories. Manyif not mosthighrise residences in New York are thirteenless. [25] One World Trade Center, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere at 1,776 feet (541m) and the lead building for the new complex, was completed in May 2013 and opened in November 2014. [82] When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed, the total costs to the Port Authority had reached $900million. The building was later destroyed in the collapse of the Twin Towers. "[153], Five smaller buildings stood on the 16-acre (65,000m2) block. After the. The World Trade Center had its own zip code: 10048. [95] The Twin Towers were described as looking similar to "the boxes that the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building came in". [230][232] 7 World Trade Center was built on the superblock's north side in the late 1980s over another block of Greenwich Street. [243] Quinn claimed that he was trying to publicize the plight of the poor. Though just a temporary pavilion at the 1939 Worlds Fair in New York City, the idea of a neutral location where world business leaders could come together to exchange ideas and products resulted in a permanent World Trade Center in lower Manhattan. But he did not come down with the collapsing building he and others with him turned back at that point. [258] Other filmmakers such as Michael Bay, who directed the 1998 film Armageddon, opposed retroactively removing references to the World Trade Center based on post-9/11 attitudes. ", "Planning the World Trade Center 40 Years Apart", Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, "Ground Zero - The Stakeholders - Sacred Ground - FRONTLINE", "Joseph Gordon-Levitt's 'The Walk' Running Early at Imax Locations", "New York's Twin Towers Appear in Many Hollywood Films", "After Sept. 11, Twin Towers Onscreen Are a Tribute and a Painful Reminder", "Television's uneasy relationship with the World Trade Center", "Twin towers erased from some films after 9/11", "A Mixed Welcome: Stories Behind the WTC "Welcome Back" Mugs | National September 11 Memorial & Museum", "World Trade Center Building Performance Study", "Design and Construction of Structural Systems (NIST NCSTAR 1-1A)", "Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NIST NCSTAR 1-1)", "Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center Towers (NIST NCSTAR 16)", Historic video with scenes of World Trade Center under construction in 1970, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Center_(19732001)&oldid=1142561347, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 03:21. Your membership is the foundation of our sustainability and resilience. In some accounts, he is said to have "curled himself into a ball," in others, to have ridden the swirling air currents and cascade of debris like a surfer, a piece of wood his boogie board to survival. [26], Later, the area became New York City's Radio Row, which existed from 1921 to 1966. The World Trade Center was built entirely on landfill. [84], In addition to the twin towers, the plan for the World Trade Center complex included four other low-rise buildings, which were built in the early 1970s. [171] According to a presiding judge, the conspirators' chief aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the North Tower and send it crashing into the South Tower, toppling both skyscrapers. items of the navigation menu have some associated content which may provide additional information of interest. Courtesy of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 1995 - 2023 by Snopes Media Group Inc. [160] Beneath the World Trade Center complex was an underground shopping mall. The North Tower was completed first in December 1970, followed by the South Tower in July 1971. If most apartment houses and many hotels lack a floor numbered 13, commercial buildings are only a bit leis likely to succumb. [125] The following year, he opened another restaurant in an adjacent place called "Pasta Break". The building was 610 feet (190 m) tall, with a trapezoidal footprint that was 330 ft (100 m) long and 140 ft (43 m) wide. [90][91] The World Trade Center itself was not rented out completely until after 1979 and then only because the complex's subsidy by the Port Authority made rents charged for its office space cheaper than those for comparable space in other buildings. "Ground Zero." [148] In 2000 (its last full year of operation), Windows on the World reported revenues of $37 million, making it the highest-grossing restaurant in the United States. On 11 September, 2001, Mr Clark was at work on the 84th floor of the World Trade Center 's South Tower. Some Frenchmenknown as quatorzes earned a living by attending dinner parties to sit in the 14th chair. 180 Greenwich Street [59] Below the 7th floor to the foundation, there were fewer, wider-spaced perimeter columns to accommodate doorways.[62][57]. ", "Why Did the World Trade Center Collapse? Postcards depicting the Twin Towers proliferated and the buildings lent themselves to miniaturization as key chains, snow globes, holiday ornaments,and other trinkets. He arranged a three-man crew for a heist that netted over $2million from a Brinks delivery to the North Tower's 11th floor. [158] In 1987, construction was completed on a 47-floor office building, 7 World Trade Center, located to the north of the superblock. It was developed by restaurateur Joe Baum at a cost of more than $17million. Learn more about the complexity of the World Trade Centers construction, operations, and management through these facts and figures. [49] The World Trade Center was one of the most striking American implementations of the architectural ethic of Le Corbusier and was the seminal expression of Yamasaki's gothic modernist tendencies. [18] On March 12, 1981, the Port Authority announced a $45 million plan to install sprinklers throughout the World Trade Center. [93], The World Trade Center's design aesthetics attracted criticism from the American Institute of Architects and other groups. 18 September 2001 (7:00 a.m. The ground-breaking ceremony was hosted on October 2, 1984. [144] Windows on the World also had a wine school program run by Kevin Zraly, who published a book on the course. The remains of a second eighteenth-century ship were discovered in 2010 during excavation work at the site. [58] As an interstate agency, the Port Authority was not subject to the local laws and regulations of the City of New York, including building codes. Harry Schneck opened City Radio on Cortlandt Street in 1921, and eventually, the area held several blocks of electronics stores, with Cortlandt Street as its central axis. [158] 5World Trade Center was located at the northeast corner above the PATH station, and 4World Trade Center, located at the southeast corner,[157][159] housed the U.S. Commodities Exchange. On May 26, 1977, toymaker and mountain climber George Willig scaled the entirety of the South Towers facade. Our sense of justice is thus appeased. [65][66][67] The truss system consisted of six trusses along the long axis of the core and four along the short axis. The building officially opened its doors in 2014, marking the culmination of a long and painful chapter in New York City's history following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The collapse of the World Trade Center occurred during the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, after the Twin Towers were struck by two hijacked commercial airliners. Tishman Realty & Construction managed construction of the building. To help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan, David Rockefeller suggested that the Port Authority build a World Trade Center there. [213] Of all the people who were still in the towers when they collapsed, only 20 were pulled out alive. The three remaining buildings in the WTC plaza were extensively damaged by debris and later demolished. [64] The floors consisted of 4-inch (10cm) thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck. [254] By the attacks first anniversary, over sixty "memorial films" had been created. NBC News: Today. 1 October 2001. This system, inspired by the local-express train operation used in New York City's subway system,[54] allowed the design to stack local elevators within the same elevator shaft. A correction that ran on 1 October 2001, reads: In "Ground Zero," we reported that two Port Authority police officers fell more than 80 floors and survived in the World Trade Center collapse. Remarking on the towers' destruction in the 1996 film Independence Day, Sterritt said: "The Twin Towers have been destroyed in various disaster movies that were made before 9/11. [219] The memorial section of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum opened on September 11, 2011,[220] and the museum opened on May 21, 2014. [74] The slurry method selected by the Port Authority's chief engineer, John M. Kyle, Jr., involved digging a trench, and as excavation proceeded, filling the space with a slurry consisting of a mixture of bentonite and water, which plugged holes and kept groundwater out. He must have learned from Sesame Street, suggested another passenger. [224], In November 2013, according to an agreement made with Silverstein Properties Inc., the new 2WTC would not be built to its full height until sufficient space was leased to make the building financially viable. The tower on the left, with antenna spire, was, South Tower lobby, overlooking the elevator core and red carpet from the balcony, 1988, North Tower lobby, looking south along the east side of the building, 2000, 1973-1993 and 1993-2001 logos of the World Trade Center. [116][117] During the summer, the Port Authority installed a portable stage, typically backed up against the North Tower within Tobin Plaza for musicians and performers. "[15], There were several high-profile events that occurred at the World Trade Center. Hilton International reports that it doesn't shun the number anywhere. So does the Empire State Building, opened in 1931. One World Trade Center (One WTC), also called Freedom Tower, skyscraper in New York, New York, that is the centrepiece of reconstruction at Ground Zero, the site of the former World Trade Center complex. [79] The original Hudson Tubes, which carried PATH trains into Hudson Terminal, remained in service during the construction process until 1971, when a new station opened. For example, in his book The Pentagon of Power, Lewis Mumford denounced the center as an "example of the purposeless giantism and technological exhibitionism that are now eviscerating the living tissue of every great city". Disagreements with the city centered on tax issues. [55] Altogether, the World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators. [107] Each tower stood over 1,350 feet (410m) high, and occupied about 1 acre (4,000m2) of the total 16 acres (65,000m2) of the site's land. See the article in its original context from. He's a figment of our wishful imaginations, a fictional icon of indomitability we are quick to turn to in times of disaster. French high wire acrobatic performer Philippe Petit walked between the two towers on a tightrope,[239] as shown in the documentary film Man on Wire (2008)[240] and depicted in the feature film The Walk (2015). As a result, the sites foundations, including those of the Twin Towers, had to extend down to bedrock about 70 feet below street level. It was on this shoreline, close to the intersection of Greenwich and the former Dey Street, that Dutch explorer Adriaen Block's ship, Tyger, burned to the waterline in November 1613, stranding him and his crew and forcing them to overwinter on the island. The large, column-free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses. Eight EMS personnel from private agencies also died in the attacks. [73] To construct the World Trade Center, it was necessary to build a "bathtub" with a slurry wall around the West Street side of the site, to keep water from the Hudson River out. It became a New York icon, in the same league as the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and the Statue of Liberty. [17] In 1999, one writer noted: "Nearly every guidebook in New York City lists the Twin Towers among the city's top ten attractions. [89], Private real-estate developers and members of the Real Estate Board of New York, led by Empire State Building owner Lawrence A. Wien, expressed concerns about this much "subsidized" office space going on the open market, competing with the private sector, when there was already a glut of vacancies. The neighborhood was a warehouse district in what is now Tribeca and the Financial District. Going back and forth several times, he performed the act without a net on August 7, 1974. The shoreline was in the vicinity of Greenwich Street, which is closer to the site's eastern border. It opened on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. As does the Empire State Building and Flatiron Building. According to a business writer, it also was the origin of the electronic component distribution business. The refrigeration plant on sublevel B5, which provided air conditioning to the entire World Trade Center complex, was heavily damaged. The South Tower Observation Deck was composed of an indoor observatory on the 107th floor of the South Tower and an outdoor viewing platform atop the towers roof. When they were installed, their motors were the largest in the world. [251][252][253][254] For example, The Simpsons episode "The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson", which first aired in 1997, was removed from syndication after the attacks because a scene showed the World Trade Center. [251][250] The 2001 film Kissing Jessica Stein, which was shown at the Toronto International Film Festival the day before the attacks, had to be modified before its general public release so the filmmakers could delete scenes that depicted the World Trade Center. [149] The Skydive Restaurant, which was a 180-seat cafeteria on the 44th floor of 1 WTC conceived for office workers, was also operated by Windows on the World. From the opening day of the South Tower Observation Deck in December 1975 through close of business on the night of September 10, 2001, more than 46.3 million visitors experienced the views from the towers summit. [167][168] Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman[169] and four other individuals[170] were later convicted for their involvement in the bombing,[169][170] while Yousef and Eyad Ismoil were convicted for carrying out the bombing. In it, the story of rescue workers hearing from an unnamed detective about a Port Authority police officer fell with the building from above the 80th floor and survived with just a broken leg was aired. [123] Some gusts were so strong that pedestrians' travel had to be aided by ropes. [33] Toward the end of 1961, negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Meyner reached a stalemate. [107] Chicago's Willis Tower, then called Sears Tower which was finished in May 1973, reached 1,450 feet (440m) at the rooftop. Gift of Fernando Zaccaria. [176] A memorial to the victims of the bombing, a reflecting pool, was installed with the names of those who were killed in the blast. [228] Four years later, with no anchor tenant for 2WTC, Silverstein expressed his intent to resume work on the tower regardless of whether a tenant had signed. 13 September 2001 (p. A9). More than 425,000 cubic yards of concrete were required to construct the World Trade Center, enough to pave a sidewalk from New York City to Washington, D.C. At least seven foundries supplied more than 200,000 tons of structural steel for the construction of the World Trade Centermore steel than was used to build the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in the United States, that connects Staten Island to Brooklyn, New York. Collection 9/11 Memorial Museum, Gift of Rae Ann Hoffmann. This size equaled nearly three Disneyland Parks. The terrorists who piloted two planes into the World Trade Center apparently managed--either by careful calculation or evil luck--to have hit the . [121][122], For many years, the Plaza was often beset by brisk winds at ground level owing to the Venturi effect between the two towers. "Correction: Ground Zero." [136] Attractions added to the observation deck included 24 video monitors, which provided descriptions of 44 points of interest in six languages; a theater showing a film of a simulated helicopter tour around the city called "Manhattan Magic";[137][130][138] a model of Manhattan with 750 buildings; a Kodak photo booth and two gift shops. The original World Trade Center ( WTC) was a large complex of seven buildings in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. To be sure, some of New York's bestknown office buildings have 13th floors. [38] The Port Authority began purchasing properties in the area for the World Trade Center by March 1965,[39] and demolition of Radio Row began in March 1966. [143] On May 12, 1994, the Joseph Baum & Michael Whiteman Company won the contract to run the restaurants after Windows's former operator, Inhilco, gave up its lease. [87] A group of affected small businesses sought an injunction challenging the Port Authority's power of an eminent domain. The 1993 bombing detonated close to the vault. [221] 1WTC opened on November 3, 2014;[222] 4WTC opened on November 13, 2013;[223] and 3WTC opened on June 11, 2018. The turnofthecentury Flatiron Building has one. [68] During the design process, wind tunnel tests were done to establish design wind pressures that the World Trade Center towers could be subjected to and structural response to those forces. I think in buildings where it's left out, he suggests, the fear is more in the mind of the owner than in the mind of the renter., The Empire State Building's vice president and general manager, Robert L. Tinker, has never encountered a problem renting on the 13th floor. For years they were just labeled 13, but so many people were superstitious about it that we finally gave in and changed them to 14.. For the current building complex, see, The original complex in March 2001. McLoughlin's whereabouts at the time of the building's collapse were in dispute his boss (who would have been interviewed by the press and whose comments would have been taken as definitive) thought he was one place, and his colleagues knew him to be another. Time Magazine. Then, after a losing game, he told reporters the hotel's room assignments had jinxed his players. One of its chain, the Queen Elizabeth in Montreal, once put the Chicago Cubs on the 13th floor when the baseball team was in town for a series with the Montreal Expos.

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